Persuasive speech outline Essay

In all honesty, as indicated by choices.com, around 3,000,000 adolescents drop out of secondary school every year. That’s roughly 7,000 per day. This isn't just harming their prosperity and the measure of cash they can win, yet in addition the economy of the whole United States. Albeit a few people may figure each adolescent ought to have the option to settle on the choice to drop out or remain in secondary school themselves, however youngsters need to understand the outcomes that accompany dropping out. When you’re is a youthful youngster you may not be contemplating how your choices can influence your future, without a secondary school training you can't go to school, this will make it harder for you to get a lucrative line of work, not to mention a vocation by any stretch of the imagination. II. Need Step A. At the point when an individual is a youthful pre-adult, they’re considering now, not the future, and they may lament the choice to drop out later. ââ€" Most of the adolescents that wind up dropping out of secondary school are considering the amount they don’t need to be at school or how they can't deal with the remaining burden. ââ€" Sometimes adolescents experience genuine difficulty in school and going to normal secondary school isn’t the best alternative, however they despite everything need to get instruction some way or another, regardless of whether its online classes. In different cases, adolescents just don’t need to go to secondary school, and that’s their thinking for dropping out. They aren’t considering their future. ââ€" According to State Representative Martha Waltz of Boston, hardly any, multi year olds have the shrewdness and information to comprehend the deep rooted results of consummation their secondary school instruction at 16

Problem Solution Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Issue Solution Argument - Essay Example The multi-billion dollars scholastic research financed by advertisers is manipulative and deceptive so it ought to be viewed as illicit. Advertisers reserve the options to discover ways on the most proficient method to improve their administrations to augment their benefits. Be that as it may, there ought to be a breaking point to how they utilize such ways and keep up moral standards as they work. Foundation Information Large organizations employ specialists, experts, and examiners to lead concentrates on the different human practices utilizing various strategies. Particularly during worldwide emergency, organizations are increasingly headed to expand their business benefits. As indicated by Gladwell article, â€Å"the time per visit that the normal American spends in a shopping center was sixty-six minutes a year ago down from seventy-two minutes in 1992-and is the least number recorded† (Gladwell 95). With monetary issues, consumers’ interests of going to shopping ce nters had fallen. Regardless of the drop in the quantity of hours purchasers spend in shopping centers, sellers’ benefits can be improved through investigates on shopper practices. Paco Underhill is an analyst who moved on from Columbia who had examined long stretches of shopping tape in the previous decades (Gladwell 95). Through examining buyer practices, advertisers perceive that not all shoppers are the equivalent, which is the reason advertisers presently do division of purchasers. Division is another compelling stunt and strategy utilized by advertisers to have the option to make the correct ad for the focused on shoppers. Children are all around affected by the division framework. Ad has changed quickly from just a couple of enormous organizations, for example, Disney, McDonald, and others, however in our contemporary society, presently practically all organizations target kids for their own advantages. As per Eric Schlosser, â€Å"Today youngsters are being focused b y telephone organizations, oil organizations, and automobilecompanies just as apparel stores and eatery chains†. Youngsters are presented to 40,000 advertisements for every year. American Companies are recorded to burn through $800 million every year for kids’ ad and the incomes are triple. With $800 beginning cash, they earned $29 billion incomes. Also, the Europeans produce incomes between $620 to $930 million. This shows kids carry gigantic benefits to numerous makers. Advertisers didn't just do overviews however they additionally centered around children to be addressed covertly without their parents’ notice to acquire the data. Because of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act that produced results on April, 2000, children’s presentation to mishandle are somewhat constrained. These days, clubs appear to be the pattern in getting to youngsters. â€Å"According to one Burger King official, the production of a Burger King Kids Club in 1991 expanded the deals of youngsters' suppers as much as 300 percent† (Schlosser). Furthermore, specialists discovered that around 80 percent of children long for creatures. This data is utilized by numerous advertisers to make fanciful figures that will be loved by the small kids, utilized for ads to tempt them. It is intriguing to take note of how advertisers target kids since they are effectively controlled because of their adolescence. In conclusion, the other procedure utilized by the analysts is Neuromarketing, a procedure where the potential reactions of customers are concentrated so as to make items that would meet their ‘

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Examination - Essay Example He may use a wide scope of devices to assist him with doing thisâ€viewpoint is one of themâ€yet regardless reality around a total visual impression depends on upon a certain something, truth of tone. Drawing might be overview, shades dull, yet if the relations of tone are certifiable, the image will hold. Significance and estimation are rendered by the use of straight perspective, by the covering of the layers of shapes, and explicitly, through the use of tone. This compositional segment works inside the image in different manners. Most importantly, there is the nearness of trademark light inside the painted room and past it. The pictorial space in the midground and bleeding edge is lit from two sources: by small shafts of light from the open gateway, and by extensive streams traversing the window to the other side. The light from the window edifies both the studio closer view and the unrepresented region before it, in which the ruler, the ruler, and the watcher are endeavored to be arranged. Light segments the scene into three indisputable parts, with frontal zone and establishment planes immovably lit up, between which a clouded midway space joins outlined figures. Velã ¡zquez uses this light not simply to add volume and definition to each structure also to describe the focal reasons for the sketch. As the light streams in from the correct it marvelously flashes on the plait and splendid hair of the female humble individual, who is nearest the light source. However, since her face is abandoned the light, and in shadow, its tonality doesn't make it a state outstandingly convincing. Moreover, the light looks corner to corner on the cheek of the lady in-holding up near her, anyway not on her facial features. A great deal of her carefully tinted dress is decreased by shadow. The Infanta, in any case, stays in full edification, and with her face turned towards the light source, in spite of the way that

Definition and Examples of Newspeak

The Best Chance At Success - 1144 Words

Growing up, being of Hispanic origin, I knew that I was lucky to live in the United States. I could have easily been growing up in either Mexico or El Salvador, where my mother and father were born and raised. However, they decided they wanted a better life; a life that was more rewarding for their hard work. What country could offer them this? Their best chance at success was the United States and that is exactly where they went. The United States offered a top notch lifestyle for those willing to earn it. Because America was at the top, not just in lifestyle, but in wealth and security, my parents made the easy decision to leave what they once called home to establish a new one. My parents often told me that it was a privilege for me to have what I did. What I had was a roof over my head, a pristine and free public education, but most of all, a secure, influential country, both militarily and politically. When someone asks what would be one of the best countries to live in, most li kely they will have the United States among the top choices. For many people not even from America, the United States is still the country of choice. Why is this? Because the United States rose to the top, technologically, economically, politically, and culturally, while still managing to secure these positions today. However, even though the U.S. seems to continually outdo other nations, many, such as Fareed Zakaria and Thomas Freedman, argue that nations around the world are growing at a rateShow MoreRelatedSuccess : The Nurture Achievement1361 Words   |  6 PagesSuccess: The Nurture Achievement According to the Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell views success as a byproduct of history and community, of opportunity and legacy (285). Although everyone tries to become successful in their life, not all of them get their success because they all have different backgrounds, grow in different environments and different cultures. Moreover, these different situations determine a person’s success by providing different chances. So, the many opportunities the environment provideRead MoreClass Dismissed By Meredith Maran1027 Words   |  5 Pagesparental help and involvement play key roles in students’ success. Both students and schools need their parents’ cooperation to ensure this success. According to the author, the wise ways to invest time and money are important for parents to help their children gain better futures. The author mentions that parents who devote more time and effort are those who believe that schools and education will improve their children’s chances of success. Most of them benefited from education when they were studentsRead MoreSuccessful Year Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesJamie is a very polite and unassuming pupil who has had a successful year, in particular, Jamie highlights his 7 A grades as his main success. Away from the curriculum, Jamie has impressed me with his resilience, coming back from various injuries over the course of the year. By showing this resilience, Jamie has illustrated his ability to bounce back in and outside of sport, this is a key employability skill that he should always highlight. Moving forward, Jamie wants to aim for A grades in his examsRead MoreFailure Is Just Another Step On The Ladder Of Success1261 Words   |  6 Pagesyou even better? Perhaps stated best by an anonymous man- â€Å"Failure is just another step on the ladder of success†. The quote bestows a meaning to the reader, a meaning which will have to be analyzed deeply in order to understand the lesson behind it. Thi s quote symbolizes or conveys that behind each failure that you experience, each mistake you make, has a purpose. Everyone faces this failure, but learning and overcoming this failure, is just another pathway to success, or simply â€Å"helping you climbRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Outliers 1189 Words   |  5 Pagesclearly defined how the story of successful people is different in terms of their struggle, their success and their motivation. This book has even compared the success stories of some very successful personalities. There is difference between successful people and extremely successful people. The book has focused on extremely successful people. The books focuses on how difficult is to achieve success and what are the milestones that needs to be fulfilled to be a successful one. Being successful isRead MoreThe Method Of Birth Control Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the best method of birth control (or contraception)? Is one better or more preferred than another ? Are there any side effects that I should be concerned about? These are just a few of the many questions to ask when discussing various types of birth control methods with your doctor. There are many methods of birth control, beginning with abstinence which means having no sexual contact at all, which is 100% effective. The various methods differ greatly and have various rates of effectivenessRead MoreRecruitment and Retention1261 Words   |  6 Pagesof recruiting and retaining the best employees. I chose this subject because I felt it was important for an employer trying to compete in this very competitive business environment, no matter what the business is, to be able not only hire the best and most qualified employees but retain them and keep them motivated. The ability to distinguish the difference between high performing employees and lower performing employees can be detrimental to a company’s success or failure. In retrospect, thisRead MoreThe s Diagnosis Of At henian Statesman And Writer1126 Words   |  5 Pagesthese connected works, a clearer image of Solon comes into focus. He is a man obsessively concerned with complex, interrelated facets of society: authority, justice, and the divine, particularly as they relate to certain ideals– ideals of happiness, success, and goodness, and what it means to live in a society in which these ideals are rejected. Solon’s diagnosis of Athenian society paints a bleak picture. The citizens are â€Å"witless†, â€Å"bent on ruining their great city†, while the rulers are â€Å"unjust inRead MoreMy Goals In the Field of Special Education Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesThe time is now to become a Special Education Teacher. I believe the best fit for my academic and vocational goals is the UWM Exceptional Education Post-Baccalaureate Teacher Certification Program. I have been a teacher of students with special needs for the last couple of years in alternative settings. The students I like best tend to be the most challenging both behaviorally and academically. Success can be more apparent, yet at times there is frustration. I feel I am good at it, but needRead MoreThe American Dream1405 Words   |  6 Pagesmindlessly to only live in poverty. In addition to this, social class plays a significant role in who will become successful. The higher class will always have the upper hand when working towards the goal of success while the lower class will stay trapped, preventing people to have a chance on being successful. To add to the topic, race is a key factor to who is successful. Minorites are at a disadvantage specifically when talking about African Americans compared to Caucasians. There is almost no

Developing An Implementation Plan For Nursing Shortage

Developing an Implementation Plan Nursing shortage is a global problem facing all health care system and the impact on nursing professional and patient care outcomes cannot be over emphasized. Despite all effort made by the ANA and health care institutions to address the issue of nursing shortage there seems to be no change and the problem still exist hence there is every need to implement a new plan to address the problem of nursing shortage (ANA, 2014). The project plan is aimed at introducing a policy plan that will help in eradicating nursing shortage. This paper will focused on nursing shortage’s impact on nurses, patients and nursing profession, and a proposed project that will focus on eradicating the problem of nursing shortage through the use of mentoring program for high schools and colleges student. Nursing Shortages/Proposed Plan Nursing shortage has been a global problem that need to be eradicated in order to promote patient care and improve care outcomes. Nursing shortage in America has caused a lot of negative impact on the nurses, patients and nursing profession. It has caused a lot of dissatisfaction on the part of the nurses and the patients (Nardi Gyurko, 2013). Nurses are prone to injuries, stress and burn-out as a result of nursing shortages. They engaged in working long hours to compensate their coworkers and ensure completion of assigned jobs. They end up breaking down emotionally, physically and psychologically due to poor work-environment andShow MoreRelatedNursing Research Utilization Project1349 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Research Utilization Project: The nursing profession has experienced several challenges and emerging issues in the recent past that have significant impacts on the health and wellbeing of the society. Some of the major challenges facing this field include nurses commitment to their work, their etiquette while working, shortage of nurses, meeting patients expectations, and their dedication to their profession and patients. While there have been numerous attempts to address these issuesRead MoreOrganizational Change Plan1179 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Change Plan Part III Introduction Organizational change can be a challenging and difficult process for each person who is involved. Probability of meeting resistance is extremely high; however development of strong leadership base is vital for implementation of an organizational change to be successful. Inadequate staffing in skilled care facilities still remains one of the biggest issues that our nation is experiencing even until now ( Goodwin, 2002). Even when staffing numbersRead MoreA Brief Note On The Legislative And Public Policy840 Words   |  4 Pagescare, limit-nursing practice or that will significantly improve the patient’s quality of life is a priority and warrants the committee’s immediate attention. The professional lobbyists that GNA has at the Capitol are the ones that will help to notify the board of such legislative acts. Many would not think that nursing and politics would make good collaborators. However, nurses approach politics similar to developing a care plan for patients. We identify the problem, implement a plan and evaluateRead MoreThe Art Of Vision922 Words   |  4 Pagesfuture of nursing relates to a greater need of increased patient quality of care. There are essential skills required in the world of advanced practice nursing that can only be offered through the continuance of education along with specialized training. My future role as a nurse administrator and family nurse practitioner is evident as research shows that a major shortage of advanced practice nurses as well as nurse leaders as clinicians in the world of healthcare is absent today. A nursing administratorRead Moreâ€Å"It Must Be Remembered That For The Person With Severe1407 Words   |  6 Pagespatients. Young nurses especially should be prevented from developing stigmatized attitudes towards patients with mental p roblems and to ensure a skilled workforce for the future in this demanding area of health care Shortage of Funding A shortage of publicly funded therapists and the high cost of private ones leave many patients without options for talk therapy, in some cases for more than a year. Those on medication rely on a patchwork of drug plans that was inadequate even before the rise of precariousRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Change On The Incidence Of Hospital Acquired Infections Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesinadequate staffing. Despite the benefits of EBP, a degree of resistance is expected from the staff. Furthermore, as a nurse leader pursuing for EBP changes in the facility, one has to be an advocate for the patients and improved clinical outcomes. Plans to Overcome Barriers Low Compliance from the Staff Low compliance from the staff due to resistance to change or lack of education can be a barrier for this EBP change. Staff meetings, bulletin board reminders, and monthly reports with graphs regardingRead MoreImplementation of the Iom Future of Nursing Report Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report Grand Canyon University: NRS 440V Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA gave many Americans the opportunity to have health care coverage that previously may have not been available to them. The reform is primarily aimed at decreasing the number of uninsured and underinsured Americans. The landscape of healthRead MoreMagnet Recognition From The American Nurses Association1309 Words   |  6 Pagesquality patient care, nursing excellence, and innovations in professional nursing practice. The Magnet Recognition from the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association (ANA), is the most prestigious merit recognition that a healthcare organization can receive for nursing excellence and quality patient care (American Nurses Credentialing Center [ANCC], 2015). Achieving this prestige distinction is the result of a commitment to nursing and patient care throughRead MoreEffective Management Of Organizational Standards Of Practice Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted September 1, 2016. I selected Robin Shepherd, Chief Nursing Officer, for the interview, at the facility I’m employed. Robin offered a well-rounded, complete, and thorough image of nursing today; while, meeting the staffing needs of a busy hospital. Robin is responsible for nurses, techs, and all other ancillary staff of a 234 patient bed hospital in Glendale, Arizona. Robin provides leadership, mentoring, and implementation of practice standards for a multitude of specialty units; suchRead MorePublic Health Policy Paper1548 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract This public health policy paper will discuss and outline the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as well as barriers and controversies surrounding the policy and its relevance in nursing profession. The ACA will eventually affect everyone. Statistics reflecting United States health outcomes have proven the need for the initiation of policy formation within the United States healthcare system. â€Å"In March 2010, President Obama signed into law a comprehensive health reform, the

Innovation Economic and Environmental †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Innovation Economic and Environmental. Answer: Introduction This assignment has been executed with a motive to analyze the suitability of the international market for the entry of a company. This assignment will discuss the analysis of the different aspects of the business environment of Indonesia so as to analyze the impact of these aspects on the entry of Tesco in the Indonesian market. This analysis will help in evaluating the suitability of the environment of Indonesia for Tesco. Different opportunities will be available to Tesco along with the threats which create an impact on the performance of Tesco. Tesco is a public limited company which is operating in the retail industry. Tesco is operating supermarkets, hypermarkets and superstores all around the globe. It was founded by Jack Cohen in the year 1919. Headquarter of Tesco is located in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. According to the profitability of the companies, Tesco stands at the third position in the retail sector. It is operating all around the globe with a motive to provide quality products to its customers. According to the data collected in 2017, it has 6553 stores in 12 countries. It has a strong employee base of more than 476000 employees which is contributing towards the growth and success of the business (Tesco, 2017). It is focusing on meeting its responsibility towards the society. Tesco is planning to expand the area of operation in Indonesia so as to enhance the coverage area. It is analyzing different aspects of the Indonesian market so as to analyze the suitability of the market for Tesco. Analysis of the socio-economic, political-legal and business environment in Indonesia The Indonesian economy is considered as largest economy of the Southeast Asia. The economy of Indonesia is considered an emerging which is full of opportunities for the businesses. It has faced a financial crisis in past and has dealt with this financial crisis in an effective manner. The economy of the Indonesia is based on the three sectors which include agriculture, manufacturing and service industry. These sectors attract the businesses towards the economy of Indonesia. Majority of the population of Indonesia is young which can form a strong employee base for the new businesses or companies planning to expand their business operations in the Indonesian market (Hasenheit, et. al., 2016). Diverse natural resources are available in the Indonesian market which can be used by the businesses for enhancing their performance. The potential risk in the Indonesian market is low which encourages investment in the Indonesia. It has been estimated that there will be a rise in the economic gro wth from 5 % to 7 % in the next five years. It has been estimated that there is a medium risk investment opportunity available in the market of Indonesia. A mixed economy is followed in Indonesia as both government and private sector are contributing towards the development of the economy (Anderson, 2015). A political transformation has taken place in the Indonesian economy. Civil law system is followed in Indonesia. The political structure of Indonesia has been strengthening due to the vibrant democracy of the country. The tax rate has been amended by the government and it has been fixed at 25 % flat. Negative investment list has been issued in the year 2014 which aimed at enhancing the FDI and DDI in Indonesia. There are few political issues which are creating an impact on the business environment of Indonesia (Kuncoro, 2012). One of these issues is the high-level corruption in the country which has affected the political environment. The government of Indonesia has formulated financial and monetary policies for dealing with the adverse situations arising in the country. The government of Indonesia is focusing on the issue of economic packages with a motive to deregulate the different sectors of the Indonesian economy. Different permits are required by the businesses for operating wi thin Indonesia (Porter, 2009). The business environment must be suitable for conducting business as factors of business environment create a huge impact on the performance and operations of the business. The government of Indonesia is placing its focus on enhancing the quality of the business environment so as to make it suitable for the new entrants in the market. The focus of government of Indonesia has been shifted towards the economic development and changing the structure of the economy. 13 reform packages have been released by the government of Indonesia for enhancing the business environment of the country. Indonesia has faced various pull and push forces and has cope with these forces effectively by attaining stability (Ibrahim Primiana, 2015). Corruption in Indonesia is affecting the performance of the companies operating in Indonesia. The infrastructure of Indonesia is lacking in utilizing the full potential due to the insufficient quality and quantity of infrastructure. The economy of Indonesia is boom ing which help the companies in gaining will advantage of the market. Another crucial concern for the companies planning to expand the area of operation in Indonesia is natural disasters which affect the human resource and infrastructure (Wahyuni, 2008). The analysis is done in the environment of Indonesia for analyzing its suitability for Tesco. Resources are available in an adequate quantity which will help in conducting the operations of the business in an effective manner. Human resource is available as the majority of the population is of young people. There is low risk present in the Indonesian market related to the investment. This will encourage the companies to invest in the Indonesian market. GDP of the Indonesian market is increasing and it is expected that there will an increase of 5 to 7 % in the economic growth of Indonesia which will attract investors towards the Indonesian economy. Government is providing support to the companies by increasing the participation of private sector in the economy. A fixed tax rate has been decided by the government of Indonesia which has provided a better opportunity to companies to enter the Indonesian market. There are few issues which are creating an impact on the business environment of Indonesia. These issues include corruption, the impact of natural disasters, lack of policies and rules and regulations, lack of developed infrastructure and ethical and religious violence (Ibrahim Primiana, 2015). Thus, from the analysis of the Indonesian market, it can be stated that Tesco can enter Indonesia market. The business environment of Indonesia is suitable for the expansion of operations of Tesco. There are various opportunities available in the market of Indonesia. Opportunities and threats to Tesco in the environment of Indonesia Various opportunities and threats are available in the market of Indonesia which can affect the performance of Tesco in the market of Indonesia. Opportunities available in the environment of Indonesia for Tesco are listed below: Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia and its location attracts the companies towards it. Tesco can enter the Indonesian market and this will help in covering the large area (Iberglobal, 2015). The economy of Indonesia is at a booming stage. There is a high growth rate in the economy of Indonesia which provides opportunities for the growth of the business. Anti-corruption strategies have been implemented by the government of Indonesia. This help Tesco is performing operations without any adverse impact on its performance due to corruption (IGS, 2011). There are few threats which Tesco needs to consider while entering Indonesian market and these threats include: Increasing corruption can increase the cost of the business. Natural disasters can affect the operations of the business. The infrastructure of Indonesia lacks the quality and quantity which can affect the performance of Tesco in Indonesian market (Iberglobal, 2015). Conclusion With the change in the business environment and increasing role of globalization, there has been a rise in the number of companies trading across the border. Tesco is planning to expand the area of operation by entering the Indonesian market. Analysis has been done on the different aspects or factors of the economy of Indonesia. On the basis of this analysis, it can be stated that Tesco can enter into the Indonesian market as various opportunities are available in the Indonesian market. Recommendation Few recommendations have been provided with a motive to support the decision of Tesco for entering into the Indonesian market. These recommendations are listed below: Selection of the location for the business must be done properly so as to ensure that the natural disasters are not creating an impact on the functioning of Tesco. Healthy relations need to be developed with the population of Indonesia as domestic firms are creating influence on the population. Threats need to be analyzed and strategies need to be adopted for dealing with the threats and gaining the advantage of the opportunities available in the market of Indonesia. References Anderson, I. (2015). Political Economy Analysis Country Report on Indonesia: A Summary Of The Political Economy Factors That Are Shaping. Research Gate. Geiger, T. (2011). The Indonesia Competitiveness Report 2011. World Economic Forum. Hasenheit, M., Gerdes, H., Kiresiewa, Z. Beekman, V. (2016). Summary report on the social, economic and environmental impacts of the bioeconomy. BioStep. Iberglobal. (2015). Doing Business in Indonesia. Iberglobal. Ibrahim, R. Primiana, I. (2015). Influence Business Environment On The Organization Performance. International Journal Of Scientific Technology Research, 4, 4. IGS. (2011). Issues And Opportunities Of Doing Business In Indonesia. ISG. Kuncoro, A. (2012). Globalization and Innovation in Indonesia: Evidence from Micro-Data on Medium and Large Manufacturing Establishments. ERIA Discussion Paper Series. Porter, M. E. (2009). Improving Indonesias Competitiveness. Harvard Business School. Tesco. (2017). About Us. Tesco. Accessed on: 28th August 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.tescoplc.com/about-us/ Trading Economics. (2017). Indonesia GDP Annual Growth Rate. Trading Economics. Accessed on: 28th August 2017. Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/gdp-growth-annual Trading Economics. (2017). Indonesia Unemployment Rate. Trading Economics. Accessed on: 28th August 2017. Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/unemployment-rate Wahyuni, S. (2008). A Review of Indonesias Competitiveness and its Investment Climate. National University of Singapore.

President Obamas Foreign Policy

Generations at the Workplace

Generations at the Workplace Introduction Employees who belong to different generations have varied expectations, skills, and experiences that affect their work both positively and negatively. This paper will identify and discuss the factors that help and hinder the performance of various generations at the workforce.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Generations at the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generation Y Generation Y employees are techno-savvy. They have excellent skills for using modern information and communication technologies, which enable them to complete their tasks effectively. They are also capable of multitasking at the workplace. Multitasking leads to improved productivity and efficiency. Most generation Y employees prefer clear and direct communication with their bosses (Mullich 49-54). This style of communication not only eliminates misunderstandings, but also facilitates quick decision making. However, most generation Y employees lack professionalism. They dress inappropriately and lack respect for others’ privacy. Generally, lack of professionalism limits generation Y employees’ ability to provide good customer service and to interact effectively with their colleagues. Generation Y employees’ are not effective in solving problems due to their poor critical thinking skills. In addition, they do not like criticism. As a result, they can hardly improve their performance by learning from their colleagues or their mistakes. Generation X Generation X employees are confident and often demonstrate high levels of competency in their work. As a result, they are capable of addressing challenges at the workplace effectively. Generation X employees are also likely to succeed in leadership roles due to their willingness to take on responsibility and to put extra effort to achieve their work targets. Most generation X employees prefer to engage in ethical behaviors (Mullich 49-54). Thus, they are likely to make decisions that improve the image of their organization in the community. Despite these capabilities, generation X employees face difficulties in understanding generation Y employees. This limits their ability to supervise generation Y employees effectively. Baby Boomers Baby boomers have a lot of experience in executing various business processes. This attribute enables baby boomers to handle crises at the workplace. Good communication skills coupled with willingness to take on responsibility enable baby boomers to provide excellent mentorship and leadership in their organizations (Mullich 49-54). Baby boomers promote ethical behavior at the workplace by supporting strong work ethic. The major challenge among baby boomers is that they are reluctant to adopt new technologies. For instance, some doctors in their sixties prefer to give paper-based prescriptions rather than online ones in order to avoid misleading their patients. Generally, baby bo omers’ performance is negatively affected by their reluctance to adopt new technologies that are being introduced in the modern business environment.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Mature Generation Mature employees are important in every organization due to the vast knowledge and experience that they have. Having a good knowledge of various business processes enables mature employees to solve problems, thereby creating competitive advantages for their organizations. Mature employees are also known for making wise decisions and paying attention to detail. As a result, they are able to avoid costly mistakes. However, mature employees are sometimes unproductive due to their advanced age and reluctance to embrace new technologies. Conclusion Each generation of employees is characterized with specific attributes that influence their performance a t the workplace. Generally, different generations of employees have unique capabilities that lead to improved performance. Consequently, companies should recruit employees from different generations to improve their competitiveness. Work Cited Mullich, Joe. â€Å"They Do Not Retire them, they Hire them.† Workforce Management 1 Dec. 2003: 49-54. Print.

Joseph stiglitz and Thomas Piketty and their contributions economy Essay

Joseph stiglitz and Thomas Piketty and their contributions economy - Essay Example Joseph Eugene Stiglitz has been credited with the fact that he helped the globe and the society as a whole to formulate another new branch of economics called the â€Å"the economics of knowledge.† He also helped in the notion and concept of helping globalization to work to the benefit and wellbeing of the whole human race (Stiglitz 171: 2007). Thomas Piketty is also an accomplished scholar and research in his own right and stature. He is a French national who has written extensively and exhaustively in the areas of income and wealth inequality in the human society. Currently, Thomas Piketty is a professor at the Paris School of economics other than teaching at the university. He is also an author of best-sellers which majorly touch about economics and wealth distribution in the human society. This paper will thus delve into the specific contributions of these great economic minds whose contributions relatively are unmatched. To begin with, the outright contribution of Joseph stiglitz was to help establish the economics of information. This is the situation whereby the asymmetries of information within the different governmental agencies could have varied effects and impact. This theorem of information asymmetry has been used by the policy makers and analysts to model econometric principles and issues. On a general scale, the contributions and input of Joseph stiglitz have helped the society as a whole to develop in areas of welfare economics, corporate finance, industrial organisation and societies, trade, wealth and income distribution. It is important to note and mention that the input of Joseph stiglitz were skewed and directed towards monetary theory in the macro-economic considerations. In order for the society as a while to enumerate the fair formula of income and wealth distribution, it would be imperative for the society to invest in research and development. He also helped articulate the issue on how bilateral trade

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 24

Summary - Essay Example Lake opposes this misperception, as he asserts that Herring did not cut Jordan to underestimate him and to choose a taller player only, but because he and his staff knew that Jordan needs further preparation. Instead of being an unfair coach, Lake shows Herring as a real person with real contributions to, not only Jordan’s growth as a basketball player, but as a person, and a real person with his own challenges, and not just someone who consciously failed to see Jordan’s greatness. Lake introduces the hardships of choosing who gets to be varsity players and how Herring follows objective criteria in the selection process, contrary to what Jordan and many others believe. Lake goes back a little more than three decades ago to the place where the infamous cutting occurred. He describes the anxiety that grips adolescents who merely want to prove their basketball worth and to hone themselves better as varsity players. After that, he illustrates the kind of man that Pop is. He is called Pop because he is more than a basketball coach. He acted more like a father in how he trains his players every day and how he welcomes them to his house like family. Lake zooms into the actual tryout date, emphasizing the difference between Mike, Michael Jordan’s high school nickname, then and now in terms of height and basketball skills. He underlines that Mike is as competitive as he is now as he was in his youth, but he was an average shooter during the tryouts. Lake also ex plains that the selection process is objective, where a group of coaches compares notes before everything is finalized. He emphasizes that Jordan was a sophomore then and sophomores rarely get chosen for the senior varsity list, and that, in opposite to what many people, including Jordan himself, believed, Mike did get to the jayvee (junior) roster list. Lake proves that Pop

Identify the historical and cultural factors Essay Example for Free

Identify the historical and cultural factors Essay Identify the historical and cultural factors that contribute to the development of the learning perspective. To what extent is the learning perspective relevant today?  The study of how humans learn is a dominant component of the learning perspective. The study of behaviour in this perspective and is also commonly known as the Behaviouristic Approach, as they believe that behaviour is the only valid data in psychology. Behaviourism developed simultaneously in the United States and Russia in relation to many factors. Traditional Behaviourists believed that all organisms learn in the same way, and could be explained by the processes of classical and operant conditioning. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour and/or knowledge that occurs as a result of practice and/or experience in the environment. Psychologists working within this perspective have investigated he ways in which behaviour changes, usually using laboratory experiments, and often-using non-human animals. The Learning perspective developed simultaneously in the United States and Russia with American Theorists John Watson, Albert Bandura and Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.  The way in which behaviour can be observed is seen as being objectively or unbiased, and this is the opposite to the theory of introspection. The unreliability of the way in which subjective data is obtained in introspection is one of the main criticisms that lead to the rise of behaviourism. In introspection the data collected in said to be subjective and therefore biased in the sense that it comes from ones own mind. Give me a dozen healthy infantsand my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyerand yes, even beggarman and thief.1  John Watson 1913  Watson wrote an article titled Psychology as the behaviourist views it. This article, which set out all main assumptions and principles, sparked the rise of the behaviourist movement in 1913. Albert Bandura was the major motivator behind the social learning theory, which included cognitive factors that were not incorporated by behaviourists, as they thought behaviour was almost entirely determined by the environment. Bandura suggests that much behaviour, including aggression, is learnt from the environment through reinforcement and the process of modelling. Bandura integrated cognitive influences and called his modified theory the social learning theory. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, whilst conducting experiments on the digestive systems on dogs stumbled across the developed principles of classical conditioning. All these factors contributed to the advancement of the learning perspective, as we know it today. Key concepts of the perspective are classical and operant conditioning, social, latent and insight learning. All concepts are built from the historical and cultural factors that gave rise to the learning perspective. Findings after conduction of experiments show a remarkable relevance to todays society and knowledge. Whether it is classical conditioning and relating findings to aversion therapy or operant conditionings relation to animal training or modifying behaviour through reinforcement and punishment. Therefore it is important to research experimenters who performed relevant experiments to relate their results to today. Classical condition is learning through association, which was accidentally found by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was conducting experiments in relation to dogs digestive systems when he stumbled on, what is known as, classical conditioning. Pavlov noticed that dogs did not only salivate when food was placed in front of them, but they also salivated before the food was given to them, and was triggered by other factors such as upon hearing or seeing Pavlov, or the sound of footsteps. Pavlov then discovered that the anticipation of receiving the food made the dogs salivate. Pavlov then modified his experiment to test whether using a stimulus such as meat powder, which caused salivation, could be varied and a conditioned stimulus such as the ringing of a bell could also bring about the unconditioned response of salivation originally caused by being presented with the sight of the meat powder. Pavlov used a soundproof room, to minimise and limit extraneous variables so he could be sure that it was i.e. only the ringing of a bell that was affecting the salivation after the conditioned stimulus. John Watson performed another example of classical conditioning when he experimented on Little Albert in 1920. Behaviourists learning theorists such as Watson suggested that phobias were conditioned emotional responses. Certain stimuli, such as sudden loud noises, naturally cause fear reactions, and stimuli that become associated with them will acquire the same emotional responses. Little Albert was presented with a white laboratory rat to which he showed no fear response. Watson then associated the loud noise simultaneously with the presentation of the rat, Little Albert then associated fear with the rat, and was then able to generalise these response to other fluffy white objects. The study with Little Albert has serious ethical problems. Firstly that he participated in the experiment involuntary and without the consent of his mother. Also Watson reported that they hesitated about proceeding with the experiment but comforted themselves that Albert would encounter such traumatic associations when he left the sheltered environment of the nursery anyway. This is not a very good ethical defence, especially since they believed such associations might persist indefinitely and did not leave sufficient time to remove the fear afterwards, despite knowing that Albert was due to leave. Classical conditioning can be related to today with the development of therapies using classical conditioning techniques to extinguishing fear. The first technique of therapy is the systematic desensitation, which aims to extinguish the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually, step by step. This therapy was developed mainly by Wolpe, who stated that in order for the fear to be removed gradually, a hierarchy of fear must be formed and ranked by the subject from least fearful to most fearful. The subject is then given training in deep muscle relaxation techniques so it can then be used at each stage of the hierarchy starting from the least fearful to the most and only progressing when the subject feels sufficiently relaxed. This method of treatment has a very high success rate with specific phobias, i.e. of particular animals. It is considered to work particularly well because the response of fear and relaxation is said to be impossible for them to exist at the same time. The second techniques of therapy are implosion and the flooding techniques, when both methods produce extinction of a phobias fear by the continual and dramatic presentation of the phobic or situation. Wolpe in 1960 forced a girl with a fear of cars into the back seat of a car and drove her around for 4 hours straight until her hysterical fear completely disappeared. Marks et al (1981) say that this kind of therapy works because eventually some stimulus exhaustion takes place, as you cannot scream forever and then the conditioned fear response extinguishes. The technique most similar to classical conditioning is called Aversion Therapy, and is most relevant to todays treatment of alcoholism, smoking or overeating. The technique aims to remove undesirable responses to certain stimuli by associating them with aversive stimuli, in the hope that the undesirable responses will be avoided in the future. Aversion therapy has been used to treat alcoholism, for example the person is given alcohol with a nausea-inducing drug unsuspectingly, and should then feel sick. The person associates drinking with their intestinal distress and results found that two out of three people did not have any alcohol a year later. Although it has a high success rate, ethical considerations of deliberating causing discomfort to another person through deception must be taken into account. The limitation of this type of therapy is its difficulty to generalise to other situations from where the learning took place.

The Etiology and Treatment of Parkinson Disease Essay -- Health Aging

Parkinson Disease There exists a group of people who live the final years of their lives in glass boxes. They are perfectly capable of seeing outside, but incapable of reaching out to the world around them. Their emotions can not be shown through facial expression, and as their condition continues, speech also becomes difficult or even impossible. These people are men and women of all races and geographical areas, constituting one percent of the world’s population over 50 years old. Parkinson disease is their affliction. Although Parkinsonism has been around almost as long as recorded history, there is yet to be found a cause or a cure. Medications tame the symptoms and prolong life, but are incapable of reversing the disease progression.. Diagnosis relies exclusively upon clinical signs and symptoms, because almost all laboratory and radiography tests are normal in the Parkinson patient. For this reason early diagnosis is very difficult. The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130). Bra... ...ed. Bailliere Tindall. London: 1985. Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991. Korczyn, A. D. "Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease." Advances in Neurology. Vol. 53, 1990, Pp., 463-468. Langston, J. W. "Current Theories on the Cause of Parkinson’s Disease. " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 13-i7. Lees, AJ. "The On-Off Phenomenon." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 29-37. Lieberman, A., "Emerging Perspectives in Parkinson’s Disease." Neurology. April 1992. suppl 4.. Pp. 5-7. Rowland, L. P., ed. Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John. Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985. The Etiology and Treatment of Parkinson Disease Essay -- Health Aging Parkinson Disease There exists a group of people who live the final years of their lives in glass boxes. They are perfectly capable of seeing outside, but incapable of reaching out to the world around them. Their emotions can not be shown through facial expression, and as their condition continues, speech also becomes difficult or even impossible. These people are men and women of all races and geographical areas, constituting one percent of the world’s population over 50 years old. Parkinson disease is their affliction. Although Parkinsonism has been around almost as long as recorded history, there is yet to be found a cause or a cure. Medications tame the symptoms and prolong life, but are incapable of reversing the disease progression.. Diagnosis relies exclusively upon clinical signs and symptoms, because almost all laboratory and radiography tests are normal in the Parkinson patient. For this reason early diagnosis is very difficult. The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130). Bra... ...ed. Bailliere Tindall. London: 1985. Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991. Korczyn, A. D. "Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease." Advances in Neurology. Vol. 53, 1990, Pp., 463-468. Langston, J. W. "Current Theories on the Cause of Parkinson’s Disease. " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 13-i7. Lees, AJ. "The On-Off Phenomenon." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989, suppl. ,pp. 29-37. Lieberman, A., "Emerging Perspectives in Parkinson’s Disease." Neurology. April 1992. suppl 4.. Pp. 5-7. Rowland, L. P., ed. Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John. Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985.

12-Corporate Ownership, Governance and Tax Avoidance

The fact is that taxes deductions from the cash flows available to a firm, and therefore the dividends distributable to the shareholders, propose that firm owners would attempt to increase their wealth through various taxes to keep away from these Practices. Such types of advantages of enhanced cash flows from tax avoidance practices are ingenious with certain Non-tax costs. This required the costs/benefits considering of such type of practices and the choice of tax avoidance if the interest outweigh the linked costs. Therefore, the benefits and the associated costs with corporate tax avoidance are discussed here. Prior to explanation, little awareness are provided on the meaning and measures of corporate Tax avoidance to give proper ground for the discussion in detail. The corporate tax avoidance lacks universal definition as it might connote â€Å"different thing to different People† (Hanlon & Heitzman, 2010:137). The reality is that there is significant tax impacts on all settlement of a Company, meant to enhance its profit, could account for such shortness of universal definition. , they have different definitions of corporate tax avoidance put up by researchers in present times (for a review of these definitions see: Salihu, Sheikh Obid & Annuar, 2013; Salihu 2014). Here, explain corporate tax avoidance as a decrease the clear cut corporate tax liabilities. This definition is in line with Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) It explains tax avoidance â€Å"as a continuum of tax arrangements policies where something like municipal bond Investments are at one side (lower explicit tax, perfectly legal), Therefore , the terms Such as tax management; tax planning; tax sheltering; and tax aggressiveness are exchangeable used with tax Avoidance in the literature (see for instance: Chen et al. 2010; Lanis and Richardson, 2011; 2012; Minnick & Noga, 2010; Tang & Firth, 2011). Similar to its definition, there have been many ways of corporate tax avoidance used in the prior Literature. These ways are mainly depended on the estimates from the financial statements and could be categorized into three classes/groups. The first group adds those measures that examine the multitude of the gap between book and Taxable income. All these consist of total book-tax gap; residual book-tax gap and tax-effect book-tax gap. The Second group has to take up with those establish the evaluate the proportional amount of taxes to business income. All these having effective tax rates (this comes in several variants like accounting ETR; current ETR; cash ETR; Long-run cash ETR; ETR differential; ratio of income tax expense to operating cash flow; & ratio of cash taxes Paid to operating cash flow). The third group comprises other measures such as optional permanent differences (PERMIDIFF)/DTAX; unrecognized tax benefits (UTB); and tax shelter estimates. Other than this plethora of measures of corporate tax avoidance used in the tax literature, its conforming aspect remains un-captured as most of the measures are computed based on items that are affected by accrual accounting Procedures. To this part, Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) proposed a measure for conforming tax avoidance as the Proportion of cash tax paid to operating cash flow. Salihu, Sheikh Obid and Annuar (2013) documented the significant difference of this measure from other similar measures. This study suggested the use this measure for the Empirical investigation given the context of the study.

Pre-Charge Detention

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 9968 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? National Security Civil Liberties and Terrorism, alternative workable measures to Pre Charge Detention In considering the issues of pre-charge detention and the possible alternatives, we need to begin by considering the legislative facts and, to some extent, the recent political furore. This puts the recent government proposals for a 90 day pre-charge detention period into a contemporary historical perspective. The Terrorism Act was passed as a direct result of the Sept 7th attacks in the USA and the perceived threat in the UK. It initially set the maximum detention period for people arrested for suspicion of being involved in a terrorism act, at a period of seven days (Terrorism Act2000). This measure was seen by some as a knee-jerk reaction to the passing of the US Patriot Act in the USA although it has to be said that the Patriot Act is overtly and primarily for the provision of a facility for surveillance, whereas the UKs Terrorism Act has a much greater emphasis on interrogation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pre-Charge Detention | Sciences Dissertations" essay for you Create order The Criminal Justice Act then extended this length of maximum detention to 14 days. To put this in perspective, the same Act also extended the maximum period of detention for people suspected of other types of criminal activity from 24 to 36 hours only. (CJA 2003) During the course of 2005, the Government chose to try to bring in pare-charge detention period of 90 days, which was presented to the House of Commons as being determined on the advice of (amongst others)the law enforcement and prosecution agencies (Mansard 2005). There appeared to be a perception on the part of the Government that this was also in general consistency with the public mood as the feedback from the constituencies suggested that being hard on terrorism met with general public support. This view was strengthened by the sense of public outrage which resulted from the July 7th bombing attacks in the capital. It is fair to observe that this tangible sense of outrage was replaced by a more considered position a short time later when the realisation appeared that the draconian measures proposed were actually required to defeat the terrorists or whether they would simply serve to create a militant backlash which would be completely counterproductive and simply encourage those who would exhort disgruntled Muslims to sign up to yet more extreme measures. (Adcock P et al 2003), Mr Blair put his personal authority on the line over the issue by stating his personal beliefs on the subject: We are not living in a police state, but we are living in a country that faces a real and serious threat of terrorism, terrorism that wants to destroy our way of life, terrorism that wants to inflict casualties on us without limit. (Blair T 2005) One of the major planks in the Governments reasoning was the advice that it had taken, that an arrest on reasonable suspicion was not sufficiently robust for its purposes, and that it was necessary in these specific circumstances to extend the definition necessary for detention to include in consideration of future evidence. It was the insertion of this particular clause and the implications of the possibility of detaining people first and then searching for evidence on which to convict them, that proved to be the major stumbling block for many MPs as well as a major issue for pressure groups who represented the Civil Liberties movements. In the assessment of many, and indeed specifically articulated by David Howarth, the Lib. Dem. MP for Cambridge, there was very little practical difference between this situation and internment. (Howarth D 2005). The point relating to the Governments perception of public opinion being behind the bill was made during direct questioning of the Home Secretary during the Government debate on the issue. Paddy Tipping(Labour MP for Sherwood in Nottingham) articulated his opinion with the comment Does the Home Secretary accept that people in Nottinghamshire know about the threat and accept that it exists? Will he take my reassurance that my office and my phone have been busy today with people backing the 90-day detention period? They believe that he and the Prime Minister were right, and they would like that to be pursued. (Tipping P2005) The Home Secretary reiterated his comments with the suggestion that his constituents were also largely of the same opinion. He felt that the MPs were not in tune with their constituents. I notice that that is what the overall majority of the British people agree, too,..I regret that some parliamentarians the front benches of the other political parties ..are not prepared to listen to the police in this regard, and I think they should. (Clarke C 2005 A) In considering just why the Government appeared to have misjudged the mood of the general population, there are a number of specific elements that we should consider. Of course, we accept that it may not actually have got its perception wrong and the majority of the grass roots in the country may instinctively support almost any measure that they seas a means to combat terrorism. (Ballcock J et al 1999) One certain fact is that there was a well-orchestrated and well publicised outpouring of criticism form a number of civil liberty-related concerns from pressure groups who each cited their own focus-specific objections to the proposed increase in police powers. To cite a few of these by way of illustration, we could turn to the comments of Livid Zillion the spokesperson for Amnesty International. As far as human rights are concerned, as far as civil liberties in this country are concerned, yesterdays defeat was to an extent a pyrrhic victory for human rights, given that the 28-day extension was passed[instead] He went on to comment that the whole package was : Ill conceived, draconian and dangerous. It contained provisions which so fundamentally undermine both the freedom of association and the freedom of expression. (Zillion L 2005) Other similar groups such as Liberty took a rather different line considering that the Bill, in its proposed form, could further inflame racial tensions, their reasoning being that the 90 day proposed pre-charge detention would result in a very severe and negative impact on the community relations in the UK . (Curlew J 2005). They took the view that the police had powers that were already very extensive. In the context of this essay we should note that they believed that there were more proportionate ways in which they could gain more powers to deal with the threat of terrorism in mainland Although, sadly, they drew back from suggesting just exactly what they felt those proportional powers might be. Their concerns relating to a possible escalation of racial tensions were also echoed by other groups, notably The Islamic Human Rights Commission of Britain, who compared what they foresaw happening as a result of these proposed new powers, as being similar to the riots another forms of civil disobedience in France that had occurred over the preceding two months. (Shadjareh M 2005). They felt that the seminal reasons for the French riots were that the French Muslims had become progressively alienated and excluded from society. This was a situation which could easily occur in this country and he felt that these new powers would simply fuel the fire In the event, the Government was defeated on the issue by a vote of 322votes to 291 and agreed to accept a compromise pre-charge detention period of 28 days. Critics of the 28 day period still maintain that it makes substantial inroads into our civil rights in relation to our protection from arbitrary arrest, insofar as it allows the police to incarcerate people and then look for evidence after the event. In real terms, this is not a matter of drawing a line that would only affect a very small number of people, as other critics have pointed out, the police even used the power of the Terrorism Act (2000) to justify their actions that allowed them to stop and search a huge number of people who were wearing anti Blair T-shirts at the Labour party Conference as they tried to enter.(SACC 2005). Although in this dissertation we are primarily considering the issues surrounding pre-charge detention, we should not overlook the fact that this was only one small element of the Act which contains provision for number of other fairly controversial elements such as a charge for the glorification of terrorism. This has equally attracted comments from many sources as being a term too vague to enforce, but is nevertheless another infringement of our rights to free speech. (Watson et al 2005) The National Council for Civil Liberties objected on the grounds that the scope of the powers proposed was too broad and this fact alone would lead to miscarriages of justice (Jewell D 2005) The Lib. Dems. actively opposed not only the 90 extension but also the28 detention period stating that they felt that the 14 day period was sufficient If we consider views expressed by (admittedly self-professed) terrorism experts, we can discern an expression of similar reservations but these are tempered with a more adversarial and practical realism. The Chairman of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence felt that the police did have a very strong case when they put forward the argument to be given more time to question individuals who they suspected of being involved in terrorist activities. Rather than just simply putting forward a point of view, he backed it up with rational comments. He put forward the suggestion that this extra time was needed because of the sophistication of the computer and other equipment that potentially held a great deal of information and would require substantial amounts of time to assimilate. The provision of 90days pre-charge detention would allow the police to follow up any international leads or complex associations which may require a degree of surveillance. Having made these comments, he too, accepted that there was the possibility of problems with an already excluded and isolated Muslim community in some parts of the country. In recognising this difficulty he made the comment that it would not be helpful for the Muslim (or other) communities to feel that 90 days was the normal or accepted length of detention and a balanced approach was to be called for as he could recognise the fact that many of these investigations could be completed far more rapidly. (Wilkinson 2005) Other evidence of the public mood came from more directly involved sources. Two victims of the London bombings were publicised as having completely opposing views on the issue. One felt strongly that these measures would play into the hands of the Muslim extremists and create an environment where further such acts of violence would be nurtured and the culture of hatred perpetrated (Tulloch J 2005). Another was quoted as saying that he was dumfounded by Parliaments rejection of the 90 day pre-charge detention period as he felt that the police did not have sufficient powers to deal with the problem in inadequate manner (Dodge P 2005) If we turn our attention to the actual views (rather than the frequently reported and attributed views) of the police forces themselves, we can find evidence of a considered argument and real concern that they do not feel that they have enough powers to protect the General Public as well as they otherwise could. In real terms, we must remind ourselves that the Police are arguing for an effective suspension of Habeas corpus, which has been enshrined in-law since 1679. (Haralambos M et al 2000), The main thrust of their argument rests on the assertion that the situation has materially changed since the last wave of mainland bombings by the IRA. The IRA agreed to coded alerts to allow police to minimise loss of life. This measure was adopted originally by mutual agreement on the part of the police to minimise death and injury, and on the part of the IRA because they perceived a substantial death Tolland serious injury, as hardening public resolve against them. The current wave of violence is being orchestrated by people in the UK who are plotting mass atrocity without warning and who regard mass loss of life and tangible disruption as having considerable propaganda value and in no way consider it to be counterproductive (Blair I 2005). Sir Ian Blair also pointed to the increased sophistication of the new terrorist networks together with their increasingly international components, which made it significantly harder for the police to intercept or pre-empt their actions in a timely manner. He quoted the fact that, in order to make a proper investigation, it was now standard procedure to sift data, decrypt hard drives, check cell phone records, and chase international leads before they can make proper and reasoned decisions as to whether their detained suspect is either dangerous, and therefore chargeable, or harmless. He pointed to the specific fact that it took a team of officers over two months to scour a waste disposal site in the north of the UK to uncover evidence of complicity of the7/7 suspects. We will return to discuss the relevance of these remarks later in the essay. Other police figureheads give us further information for consideration. The Chief of the anti-terror squad went on record as saying that in his opinion the police were seriously hampered by the guillotine of time, putting forward the statement that the police believe that they had actively thwarted two further terror attacks in the wake of the 7/7attacks. He argued that there was no room for complacency if the public expected the police to continue to do a professional job in protecting them. It was of no use at all in tying their hands behind their backs by forcing effective curtailment of their abilities to properly investigate and interrogate the suspects. He also went on to state his opinion that the police were not asking for the increase in pre-charge detention time simply because it was an easy option, but because it was, in his opinion absolutely vital if wearer to prevent further terrorist attacks. (Hayman A 2005) Thus far in the essay we have established varying view points and, twosome extent, the various arguments that have been advanced both for and against pre-charge detention of up to 90 days. In order to mount rational campaign against the argument for extension, one has to reasonably produce alternative effective measures if one wishes to try to attain the professed goals of both sides, and that is to preserve the necessary protection of the existing civil liberties, to maintain public security and also to detain and charge the right people in connection with terrorist activity. One expert came up with this assessment of the situation. If we accept that the polices thinking in support of a 90 day pre-charge detention period is because they currently have insufficient time to complete all of their investigations in a timely manner then an appropriate solution may well be for the country to invest in better analytical capabilities(Ayers R 2005) The thinking and reasoning being that, rather than having to resort to prolongation in the length of pre-charge detention, does it not make more sense to invest in, and improve the ability of the police to provide a timely and accurate forensic investigation. The problem that the police currently have in getting their investigations completed on time is simply down to the fact that they do not have sufficient numbers of either scientists, of skilled technicians or, for that matter, the actual technology that would allow them to get the appropriate investigations done on time. Quite obviously, apart from the resource implications involved there is the question of recruiting and training the appropriate manpower and there is a very significant lead time in this respect, but on the faceoff it, it would seem to provide an answer to the increasingly strident and vocal opposition groups who are currently opposing the 90 damper-charge detention period. Ayres agrees with the groups who point tithe fact that it is not right to require citizens to be incarcerated simply on the grounds that we have not adequately equipped the police to deal with this new 21st century problem it is not adequate to expect them to fight it with 20th century tools. The natural sequitur to this argument is the fact that no amount fore-charge detention would have prevented the London bombings and the same is almost certainly true of the Sept 11th attack in the USA, by virtue that none of the terrorists, or those immediately associated with them, had ever been in the custody of the police before the event. And in the London case, all of the available information (at least sufficient to bring charges), was available within the two weeks that were then permitted. (Ayers R 2005) Other elements of alternative provision to pre-charge detention could be the increased installation of CCTV cameras in public places. There is already a substantial provision in certain areas of the country, primarily in the city centres, but there are still large areas which could usefully be covered. The benefit of CCTV is mainly its evidential value. Ayres also points out that pictures of meetings, acts and movements are largely incontrovertible in court and it does not take three months to say to a Judge here is a picture of a bomb suspect meeting with A, B or C. As the thrust of this dissertation is an examination of some of the alternatives to the extension of the pre-charge detention period, we can also consider some of the Governments own proposals. We clearly do not know, and probably will not be in a position to know, whether these proposals were drawn up before or after the defeat of the legislation surrounding the pre-charge detention issue. It would seem likely that the main points had been considered previously, but that the fine details may not have been added until after the demise of the Act on the floor of the House. Other alternatives have been suggested, some by the Government itself. On 15th Dec. 2005, sometime after the Government had actually accepted that their Bill was effectively dead, the Home Secretary Charles Clarke made an interim progress report to the House of Commons in which he laid out some of the Governments alternative proposals (Clarke C 2005B). In essence there were twelve different proposals, all of which were published after the Government knew that the 90 day pre-charge detention had been defeated, and can realistically be seen as an alternative to them. We shall consider each of them in turn 1) To reinforce and to extend the grounds for deportation. This particular measure was introduced largely as a reaction to the rejection of the 90 day pre-charge detention initiative. The Government seems to have taken the view that if we cant detain and investigate them here, then they will deport them. Although one can initially be sympathetic to this view, careful reflection would have to question the wisdom of sending a terrorist suspect back to the (presumably) fertile breeding ground of militancy and dissidence. One such ground would be the owning or promoting of extremist bookshops. It is already illegal to own or to distribute any form of literature which could be seen as either inciting or being useful to terrorists. The extension of the law here would be that owning such book shop would now be punishable with deportation 2) To create an offence of condoning or glorifying terrorism. This particular section actually extends the consideration that an offence has been committed if it occurs anywhere, not just within the confined of the UK. Those that are convicted of the offence in the Kill be deported and those that do so abroad will be refused entry into the UK. 3) To automatically refuse asylum requests to this country for anyone who has participated in terrorist acts anywhere in the world. The Government have introduced a provision in the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Bill which will effectively bar anybody who has participated in any act classed as an act of terrorism from entering the country 4) To remove UK citizenship from UK nationals who have engaged in acts of terrorism. The Law will be changed to include any person who has done anything seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom 5) To streamline extradition orders and to set a maximum time limit for extradition to be effected. This has the backing of both main opposition parties and also the judiciary 6) To change the rules of evidence in court The Government has been mindful that the law governing intercepts is often disbarred from being presented in court. They propose to change the law to allow intercepts of communication to be admitted in evidence. There are also proposals to streamline and adapt newer-trial processes 7)To use control orders on UK British Nationals who cannot be deported. This is primarily to allow the authorities to maintain control or surveillance over a person who they believe is engaged in some form of terrorist activity. 8) To increase the capacity of the judiciary to deal with control orders . It clearly follows that there cannot be a significant delay in the dealing with control orders as otherwise it will defeat the object of having them in the first place. The Lord Chancellor has agreed to increase the number of judges who will hear these cases, so that delay will be kept to a minimum. New court rooms are being built for these specific purposes. 9) To proscribe the Hizb-ut-Tabir organisation and any other splinter successor groups to the organisation of Al Mujahiroun. This will make active membership of any of these organisations a criminal offence 10) To increase the threshold for acquiring British citizenship and also to establish communications within the Muslim community to explore the ways in which integration can be better achieved. The Government appears to now recognise that integration of the Muslim community into the UK community is a positive step in maintaining safe relations within the community itself. To this end it has suggested the setting up of a number of other initiatives in this regard such as: the creation of a National Advisory Council on Mosques and Imams the training and accreditation of imams placing a greater emphasis on citizenship training for children attending madrasahs. 11)To extend the present power to close a place of worship if it disproven to be used as a centre for fomenting extremist views. The Government proposes to establish a list of clerics who are not considered suitable to preach in consultation with the Muslim community leaders The Government also reiterated the point that they were firmly of the opinion that one of the ways forward in this respect was to foster and encourage the partnership aspect of the police with all aspects of the community and this was the most politically acceptable method of reducing the role and influence of the clerics who were preaching hatred in the mosques. (Clarke C 2005 A). The Muslim community would be expected to respond by reporting cases of extremist behaviour earlier so that measures could be put in place before significant damage was done. They also placed great emphasis on citizenship training, particularly of the young of the community. It appears that the Government has also received a commitment from the Muslim community leaders that they wish to be associated with such initiatives 12)To consider expediting the security measures that are currently proposed at the border entry points of the UK The Government hope to expand the number of countries that will have to provide biometric visa information, and at the same time to compile database of individuals who the government considers to be undesirable aliens who are also considered to be a threat to the UK security. The Government is also considering introducing measures over the next five years to develop an integrated system to check travellers before they enter the UK and ban them at the point of entry. Other, less immediate threats to security will be monitored and the system will record when they enter and when they leave the UK. We shall discuss these measures in some detail further on in this essay. These alternatives seem to be the basis of the Governments response tithe defeat of their attempt to get the pre-charge detention extended to90 days. It would appear, at first examination, that the comments made by Ayres and cited above, are very pertinent to the Governments security measures. The observation that the 90 day pre-charge detention would not have prevented the London bombings is probably true, but it is probably fair to say that these particular raft of measures proposed byte Government, while although not actually being a direct alternative, may very well represent a reasonable and workable alternative. It is salient to note that there is a strong emphasis on two different(and some might observe, mutually complimentary) elements in the Government proposals. On the one hand they are tightening up the border criteria and making in more difficult for terror suspects to get into the country and at the same time they taking powers to make it easier to deport and disbar non UK nationals if they are judged to be a threat to security, On the other hand they are clearly pursuing a strategy which is designed to promote racial harmony and general integration of the Muslim community. One could assume that in keeping with current social theory, the more allegiance that a community member feels towards his community, the less likely he will be to perform any act that is likely to damage the community (Watson, West et al 2006). Clearly there has been a nucleus of Muslim clerics who have utilised their position of power and influence to try to rally the disaffected youth of the Muslim community with varying degrees of success. If the Muslim community leaders can be persuaded to come on board and help to police such extremist views themselves, it would be considered far more acceptable by the community at large as well as doubtless being considered far more politically expedient by the Government. (Macadam Pet al 2005) Because this essay is concerned with the alternatives to pre-charge detention and there is a considerable body of opinion that seems to place a large burden of responsibility for the perceived need for-charge detention at the door of the Muslim community, (Adcock P,2003), we should perhaps spend some element of this examination in consideration of the Muslim perspective on the question. The first issue is that it is generally a complete fallacy to regards all Muslims as potential fanatics (despite the nonsense frequently pedalled by the tabloids). There is a branch of Islam called Islamism which is a totalitarian ideology and is often the root of much Muslim fanatical ideation. It is the branch which has spawned the Taliban, Hamas and indeed Osama bin Laden. Most mainstream Muslims regard it as being a distortion of Islam. Islamists regard terrorism as a legitimate avenue to achieve their goals. (Lie B et al 2004 In general terms, Islamism requires a mans complete obedience to the sacred laws of Islam, and to reject, as far as possible, all other outside influences with the notable exception of both medical and military technology. Strict adherence to its precepts demands an intrinsic deep antagonism towards non-Muslims, and a violent antagonism towards western civilisation. It amounts to an effort to subjugate the mainstream teaching of the religion of Islam, together with its vast accumulated culture, into an ideology. (Pipes D 2004) We have referred to Islamism as a distortion of Islam, but this is not strictly true, as it is better considered a radically different and completely new interpretation of the Islamic codes. It politicises the religious elements of the faith, and tries to turn it into a blueprint for establishing a coerced Utopia. Its generally accepted programme closely resembles those of fascism, Marxism and Leninism (Pipes D 2001) To amplify the point made earlier about the Government needing to promote co-operation with the moderate Muslim community, we can cite an extract from an article which appeared in The Minaret, a newspaper which appeals to mainstream Muslims in the English speaking world. Islamism is a global affliction whose victims count peoples of all religions. Non-Muslims are losing their lives to it in such countries as Nigeria, Sudan, Egypt, and the Philippines. Muslims are the main casualties in Algeria, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan. Islamists have in many cases been involved in violent acts. The reason for resorting to such means appears to be the same over and over again: First, the Islamists try to change the rulers and men of power through intellectual means, but as this seldom leads to anything and as there seldom are any democratic channels to used, violence have been the last resort. Islamism is perhaps the most vibrant and coherent ideological movement in the world today; it threatens us all. Moderate Muslims and on-Muslims must co-operate to battle this scourge. (Johnston A 2000) Is it possible to identify just why it is that the Islamists have an ideological hatred of the Western world, and why is it that they dont target Japan or South Africa for example? One of the major answers to this question is generally cited as being an event just over two hundred years ago in 1798 when Napoleon landed in Egypt. This was the occasion when the Muslim world became suddenly and dramatically aware of Europe. (Wiktorowicz Q 2004), On the face of it there should be no particular reason as to why there should be anything incompatible with either the two main religions or even the two religion-based civilisations. The problems appear to arise not from a clash of the civilisations but from a more fundamental clash of both ideas and ideologies. (Wiktorowicz Q 2004) One has to look no further than the confrontation between Ayatollah Khomeini and Salman Rushdie when the infamous fatwa was declared. This was not actually a confrontation between western ideology and Muslim ideology, it was a confrontation between those who supported or sympathised with the Ayatollah, and those who opposed him. (Cantwell Smith W 1969) The significant point of the argument is that westerners and Muslims were both to be found on both sides of the divide. We make the point here to demonstrate that it is ideas and ideologies that are the root of the problems that we are discussing here not religion. In basic terms, a consideration of the question Is Islamism incompatible with the ideologies of the western world? the answer is a qualified Yes. It is clear that a very difficult and intrinsically unstable relationship is currently in place between the two philosophies. We cited the arrival of Napoleon in Egypt as being a seminal event in the history of Islam. While this is demonstrably true, it was actually symptom of a deeper change that was progressing insidiously at the same time, but over a much longer time span. The Mufti of Jerusalem summed up his view of this deeper problem in 1998 in an address to the United Nations. In essence, the thrust of his argument is that, for over one millennium (from AD 622) the adherents of Islam could basically be described as winners by whatever set of criteria one chose to assess the situation, whether it was health, literacy, wealth, culture, influence or power. It was generally assumed that to be a Muslim was to be a favourite of God. If one considers the situation now (since the events of two hundred years ago), most significant events in the Muslim world have been associated with failure. By consideration of each of the criteria mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Muslim nations have moved from position of dominance to a position of subjugation. In the words of the Mufti: Before, we were masters of the world, and now were not even master of our own mosques. (quoted in Wilkinson P 2005 pg. 32) The cultural response to this fairly rapid decline in their fortunes has been analysed on three levels three different responses to the situation. Secularisation, which involves integration and assimilation with western cultures, effectively aligning Islam with privatisation. Reformism , which equates with telling the western world that they have gained their strength by stealing from the Muslims and therefore the Muslims have a right to take back from them (effectively a middle ground) Islamism, the extremist position which ideologically wishes a return to fundamental Islamic principles but, in real terms also wants many of the technological benefits that the west has to offer. (After Della Porta et al 1999), Is there any evidence to show that Islamists represent only a tiny fringe of mainstream Islamic religion? If this were to be the case then perhaps we could reasonably assume that all of these measures whether they be pre-charge detention of 90 days or the raft of alternative measures outlined by Charles Clarke, are little more than an over-reaction and extreme safety measure. Sadly an examination of the world-wide situation suggests that we have been comparatively spared in the UK if the writing of Jacoby is given any credence Islamist xenophobia and violence has many faces. In Sudan, the regime uses chattel slavery, forcible conversion, and mass murder as weapons in its jihad holy war against black Africans in the south. Islamist gangs in Egypt carry out deadly pogroms against Coptic Christians. This summer, Afghanistans Taliban demolished ancient Buddhist works of art, then ordered every Hindu in the country to wear yellow identification badges. Terrorist networks like Osama bin Ladens and Islamic Jihad place a premium on killing and wounding Americans. Death sentences are pronounced against authors like Salman Rushdie or, more recently, the American Khalid Duran who write books the Islamists dont approve of. The litany is grim, the victims are many, and the threat is global. (Jacoby J. 2003) In a perverse way, this particular view actually strengthens the arguments against these measures that we have been discussing here. Because of the overt violence and oppression that we can document(above) that has been occurring in other parts of the world, with the exception of the July 7th bombings and the possibility of the putative two other attacks that we are told have been thwarted, the UK appears to have been comparatively secure in its defences against Islamist fanaticism. Can one therefore conclude from this that the measures that are in place are manifestly robust enough to largely protect us without the addition of further draconian measures? If one feels able to make such an assumption, then clearly the assumption of further powers and implementation of further measures are perhaps quite superfluous. The major flaw in that rather teleological argument, is that we simply have no idea of the number of attacks that might have been planned and then thwarted by the Islamists, or for that matter any other militant faction that may feel the need to target the UK. In the infamous words of Martin McGuiness after the Brighton bombings, we only need to be lucky once, you need to be lucky all of the time. (Quoted in Brisk, A1996) Clearly this is not meant to be an argument either for complacency nor for the reduction of vigilance, but on the face of it, it does appear to be an argument that more stringent anti-terrorist measures are not justified on the grounds that we have examined thus far in the essay. Such a comment may well please those involved in the civil liberties movements, but a balanced argument must clearly contain an element that if even one death of injury can be prevented, then the Government owes it to its people to take all reasonable steps to safeguard them against attack. (Classed J (end) 1999) The response to Charles Clarks alternative measures has been unexpectedly muted. This may be a reflection of the fact that the groups who can normally be expected to appear with appropriate comments in the various manifestations of the media, may actually realise and accept that the government has to strike a balance between the defence of freedom and civil liberty and the protection of its citizens against foreign attrition or insurgence. Although they clearly considered the imposition of the 90 day pre-charge detention a step too far, they, largely appear to accept that the raft of measures proposed are still within this elusive but reasonable balance. In this dissertation we have spent a great deal of time unashamedly setting out the Islamist position. Our reasoning being that if we are going to make a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of alternative measures that could potentially be employed to combat the threat of terrorist attack and to protect the interests of National Security, one has first to examine the reasons as to just why it is that those particular factions wish to attack us or perceive us as threat. There are a number of other practical options which can be considered but do not yet appear in any Government policy document that we can uncover. Before we discuss these options, there are a number of other relevant considerations that we should address. A number of observers consider that there is currently a battle for the soul of the Muslim world. Not, as one might imagine at first consideration, between the West and the Muslim states, as we in the West are actually onlookers in this particular struggle, but between the two major Muslim factions, the Ataturk and Khomeini dispositions. If one considers the global situation, one can observe that the ideologies that are in the ascendance in Turkey, with its newly acquired designs on the EU, are actually Imagist ones, whereas the ideologies that are currently dominant in Islamist Iran are actually the secular ones. (Goodwin, J et al 2000) We make this point to underline the fact that, in trying to formulate and adopt a policy of National Security, one is observing a dynamic and volatile potential threat. Clearly this makes any assessment of the potential effectiveness of the policy exponentially more difficult, as the world observed at the height of the Cold War. (Godin R et al 2000) The problem with Islamism, as seen from the perspective of a National Security consideration, is that it changes the factions of normal Islamic society, such as politics, the military and socio-economic considerations, from historically fragmented institutions into sustained and coherent entities. (Karman, C 1988) To quote the Mufti of Jerusalem again the Muslims are not socialist nor capitalist; they are Muslims. (quoted in Wilkinson P 2005 pg. 43).Again we can make the point that the Mufti is comparing ideologies (ie, capitalists and socialists) rather than comparing Muslims to Buddhists, Catholics or Jews. It is this ability of Islamism to harness and control state power that renders it so powerful a force to deal with. Some observers have analysed it with the comment an Islamic-flavoured version of totalitarianism. (White J 2002). We have attempted to portray Islamism in a role that is relevant to our discussion here about National Security. The aspects of it that need tube understood in order to formulate a meaningful assessment of its threat to our security. It is not an immediately attractive picture to western orientated eyes. In order to fully evaluate the threat, we have also to ask the question, What, then, makes Islamism so popular to section of the population? The fact of the matter is that Islamism is effectively a system of ideology that transforms and modernises the traditional virtues of Islam itself. It has strong and immutable rules regarding the social roles of women in society and living in an urban community. It is not concerned to the same extent with the traditional problems that are experienced by the peasant farmer in the rural community. It is not an evolution of a medieval ideology but one that actively responds to the stresses of modern day living. (Arson, S et al 1990) One excellent example that we can use to illustrate the point is the drinking of alcohol. This perfectly illustrates the fundamental differences between traditional Islam and Islamism. In the Sudan which was traditionally an Islamic country, Muslims were barred from drinking alcohol because of their Islamic beliefs, but they had no problem with Christian drinking alcohol if he chose to. When the new Islamist regime took power, then all Sudanese were banned from drinking alcohol irrespective of their personal beliefs. This illustrates the point that we made earlier relating to Islamism selectively borrowing from western ideals as this is the way the western, geographically orientated countries are run. Islam is a personal code, Islamism is a geographically applied ideology (Rosenberg, CA 2003) The salient point is our deliberations here is that, as we try to devise a strategy towards the threat of terrorism, we must constantly differentiate between Islam and Islamism. The UK does not have a policy which militates against religions, it militates against ideologies. Having made the point, we are now in a position to consider what other measures could reasonably be employed to reduce the threat to our National Security. In terms of diplomatic pressure we should actively support those states that contain and control the extreme Islamist elements. It would seem clear that keeping them out of political power is in the UKs national interest and, arguably in theirs as well. We should also put political, diplomatic and socio-economic pressure on those states that are already Islamist and attempt to persuade them to moderate their tendency to aggressiveness, both to their own people and also to the West in particular. There is considerable propaganda value, particularly amongst the dissident faction in an Islamist state, in publicising and congratulating those nationals who do take an active role in opposing the Islamist regimes. The other side of that particular argument is to prominently label the Islamist groups who engage in atrocities as terrorists, both in our dealings with those particular countries but also with other global players in the international arena. This would have the effect of creating a psychological barrier between terrorist states and non-terrorist ones. It also clearly would have the effect of marginalisation of the terrorist states amongst the international community. (Kawaka, M 1993) It is the natural sequitur to this statement that Nations such as teak should not engage in dialogue or overt diplomatic relations with Islamists, neither should they co-operate with them. Such moves would seriously undermine policies which were designed to isolate and exclude them. It would also enhance the political standing of the ruling body in the eyes of its population. One might also be tempted to suggest that encouraging democratisation and the holding of elections might be a positive move in this regard. We purposely have not included it in this particular list of possibilities simply because study of the events of recent (and, for that matter, distant) historical import, would suggest that, although elections may be the tangible and visible evidence of a democracy, the simple expedient of imposing elections alone is unlikely to be effective. One only has to consider the situation in Algeria where elections were imposed prematurely, the infrastructure was not in place to sustain the result and instability resulted. (Heinemann, S 2002) This, of course, makes for a fertile breeding ground for both ferment and dissent and therefore can effectively be considered counterproductive. We must not assume that such events only occur in uncivilised areas. We only need to look back to the era of the English Civil War and the imposition of the Rump Parliaments to appreciate that exactly the same situation occurred in this country albeit some centuries ago. The election process, in order to be both stable and stability enhancing, should ideally be the terminal result of a much longer process of change in the fabric of a state. Changes in the legal system, recognition of the rights of minorities (ethnic, religious or other), the ability of the state not to feel threatened by freedom of speech or freedom of assembly are all vital prerequisites to a stable governing process of which elections are only one, highly visible, part. (Crenshaw, M 2003) If we examine the experience of other countries who have recently emerged into the democratic system, we can see that the process realistically takes about a generation to achieve. Because of this observation we would suggest that the establishment of elections parse. is not a good candidate for inclusion in our list of potential alternatives to the extension of the pre-charge detention period. Clearly it would be considered as a long term goal but more immediate shorter term alternative objectives should be the encouragement of democratisation. This can be done initially on the level of a civic and integrated society and then later with the emergence and encouragement of identifiable political leaders (Crenshaw, M 2003) Some observers, when considering the answer to the National Security problems, have suggested economic sanctions as an alternative.(Rubenstein, R 2003). We specifically have not included these in our list of possible and preferred options and the reason is exemplified in our reasoning in setting out the various aspects of Islamism at length. There is very little connection between Islamism and socio-economic factors. It does not actually place great store on wealth or poverty, it certainly is not a response to financial deprivation. It does not therefore make sense to use economic tools to try to dismantle Islamist regimes. Thus far in this dissertation we have focused on the perceived threat from the Islamist faction, but it would be foolish to think that they were the only group who were capable of causing problems to our National Security. For this reason we should also consider more general measures that either could, or to some extent already partially have been put in place to help minimise the risks further We have already referred to the difficulties that the police, and their technical staff, have in dealing with the technological side of any communication network that their suspects may be using. Encryption is common feature of the modern secure message transfer and with modern electronics, some of the encryption systems are extremely sophisticated. It could be made an offence not to reveal or release encryption keys to the police. This would require modification to Patria of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA). This would have the effect of either helping the police with their legitimate enquiries or failure to surrender such keys would give them grounds for legitimate charge where they could hold the suspect under the current rule of law. Certain sanctions could be employed with regard to Internet usage. It might be useful to create an offence whereby it was illegal to use the Internet in the encouragement or preparation of acts of terrorism. Clearly this might be more difficult to regulate and may only realistically be a charge open to police after arrest and after examination of computer records. In respect to police procedures in general terms, there are a number of improvements which could quite reasonably and easily be auctioned which would have the effect of improving the efficiency of the police to deal with potential threats. One operational problem that the police have is that the current Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) does not allow for Covert Human Intelligence source or Directed Surveillance authorities to be authorised by an officer from one force area to be used in another force area. The National Co-ordinator Special Branches (NCSB) is considering moves to streamline the procedure and to remove this anomaly, at least in respect of Special branch operations. This also would have an effect on cutting down the obstacles that are currently in the way of efficient investigation. The police themselves have asked the Home secretary to consider the option of an all premises warrant to cover the search of all or any property that is in the possession of their terror suspects.(Ayers R 2005) In the same way that there are restrictions on surveillance measures, there are also restrictions on warrants for property searches across regions and national borders (England / Scotland for example). Removal, or at least streamlining these procedures could also be a significant help in the investigation of terrorist activity. As far as overseas warrants are concerned the Security Services have to rely on the Secret Intelligence Service to both obtain appropriate warrants and also to execute them, which is clearly both cumbersome and inefficient. There is still scope for further control and security measures at ports and points of entry into this country. Lord Carlyle (Carlyle 2005)prepared a review of the situation and concluded that entry points needed constant attention and surveillance. Some of his particular recommendations included the installation of CCTV and recognition systems at points of entry. He noted that there was a temptation for Port Authorities to succumb to commercial pressure and therefore he suggested that there should be a national requirement to enforce the provision of such measures. Ports are not the only method of access into this country. The current regulations (Terrorism Act 2000) require that all commercial flights are notified to the police within a designated area known as the Common Travel Area (CTA). The police have stated that they would like notification of all flights , not just commercial ones and particularly those that are of short duration from Europe. There is clearly a possibility of infiltration and possible illegal entry. In addition to these measures, the police have also suggested that they would require a change in the regulation relating to the problems of disclosure in any criminal proceedings. They would like a change in the disclosure rules to allow for the non-disclosure of any sensitive techniques or practices . Other areas where they might be positive scope for change could be in the area of the post arrest interviews. At present, there is a requirement placed on defendants in fraud trials of compulsory answers to questions. In other words, they cannot have the option to not reply and to allow any jury to infer what they will from the silence. This compulsion to answer could reasonably be extended to terrorist interrogations to maximise the impact of potential silence when the jury is deliberating. Clearly there are any number of procedural measures that could be suggested to tighten up or streamline the both the pre- and post-arrest systems in the country, but all have to be weighed up in the perpetual balance of fairness against expediency. Conclusions In this dissertation we have examined the recent legislative furore which has recently erupted over the inclusion in the recent Government legislation of the 90 day pre-charge detention period and its subsequent rejection by the House of Commons. This is only a small (albeit vital) element of our discussion, because it serves as catalyst for the examination of other possible measures that could be available to the Government as it has been deprived of what it publicly considered to be the cornerstone of its anti-terrorism measures. Our consideration has included those elements that have been proposed by the police and security forces as necessary as well as those measures that have been proposed by the Home Secretary. In order to consider the situation further we have had to consider in some depth the fundamental nature of the Islamist threat to our National Security. Islamism appears to be currently identified as the major terrorist threat in the western world at the present moment. It is clearly both powerful force and a potent ideology. In terms of global representation, Islamism currently is the majority force in countries such as Iran, Sudan, and Afghanistan. In other countries, while not actually in power it is a significant opposition force for example Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. (Holden 2003). It is therefore in these countries in particular that the measures that have been outlined in the latter part of this dissertation are arguably the most important. The ability to support the ruling party and to help it to marginalise the opposition Islamist party is seen as a positive step towards UK National Security. Some estimates of Islamist activity put it at about 10% of the worlds Muslims. This is not a very helpful estimate as they generally represent an extremely active and vocal minority and their influence is out of all proportion to their actual numbers. (Wiktorowicz Q 2002) We have largely considered the role of the Islamist population in foreign countries, but we must remember that three of the four militants who involved in the London bombings of July 7th were UK born.(Ayers R 2005). To a degree, this makes the surveillance easier but we then return to the issue of the possible alternatives to pre-charge detention . In general terms, the measures outlined by Charles Clarke(set out above) are, in part, designed to deal with the home grown threat. Options of criminal conviction if a UK National or deportation if a naturalised citizen are the options that are already in place and, in the case of the London bombers, the law has taken due and proper course and appears to have dealt with the threat more than adequately. The point about home grown activists must not be dismissed lightly. Although we have observed that Islamists account for about 10% of the global population of Muslims, we are at a loss to find any estimate of the number of active Islamists in the UK at the present moment. Some commentators point to the vociferous and active minority ( 1999 pg. 22.) but do not comment about their overall numbers. Critical opinion seems to suggest that when the Islamists come to powering a country, they create enormous problems for the people that they rule. One has only to consider the examples of Sudan, and more recently Afghanistan, to fully appreciate that despite their obvious authority in the countries, socio-economic disintegration is an apparent hallmark of their administration. This leads to instability and instability poses a problem on the global front, both for their immediate geographical neighbours and also (demonstrably) for the western world viz. New York, London, Madrid. Our comments relating to the problems of Islamism in power therefore are not totally self-serving. One only has to examine the problems of oppression of women, the socio-economic upheaval, the abuses in the field of both civil liberty and associated Human Rights, the rapid increase in the carrying of weapons by the population and the violence with which dissent is dealt with, are equally on a par with the threat that is posed by the terrorism aspect of their administration. We shall not consider this argument further because it is really peripheral tithe main thrust of our considerations in this essay. On the global arena, they are considered to be rogue states, demonstrably dangerous to their own population and presumptively dangerous to the western world.. (Weiss H 2002) Although we have directly considered measures that can be employed to reduce the direct Islamist threat, we have most overlooked more general measures that could be employed against other groups and organisations. 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